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	<title>Chaoticity</title>
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	<link>http://chaoticity.com</link>
	<description>a state of things in which chance is supreme</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Tue, 06 Jul 2010 20:13:50 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en</language>
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		<title>Where Iqbal lived in Cambridge</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/where-iqbal-lived-in-cambridge/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/where-iqbal-lived-in-cambridge/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Jul 2010 20:09:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poetry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[chaos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cambridge]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iqbal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Portugal Place]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trinity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/where-iqbal-lived-in-cambridge/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160; During his undergrad (if you can call it that), Iqbal read at Trinity College, Cambridge. By current definition of the phrase, he was a ‘mature student’. He stayed at 17 Portugal Place.At that time, the house might have been college-owned, but I can’t confirm that. It’s a smallish house with a narrow street on [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#160;</p>
<p>During his undergrad (if you can call it that), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" target="_blank">Iqbal</a> read at Trinity College, Cambridge. By current definition of the phrase, he was a ‘<a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/mature/index.html" target="_blank">mature student</a>’. He stayed at 17 Portugal Place.At that time, the house might have been college-owned, but I <a href="http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/basoc/index.php?module=pagemaster&amp;PAGE_user_op=view_page&amp;PAGE_id=15&amp;MMN_position=53:50" target="_blank">can’t confirm</a> that. </p>
<p>It’s a smallish house with a narrow street on one side and a wider one on the other. The wider street opens up in Jesus Green, a large ground. The house is a 5 minute&#160; walk away from the river Cam.&#160; </p>
<p>I wish I could go and live there for some time, just to check if creativity is influenced by proximity to greatness, even if it’s time-shifted. Without going into any more details, here are some pictures.</p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF17821.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="the street" border="0" alt="the street" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF1782_thumb1.jpg" width="540" height="410" /></a>&#160; </p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF17811.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="the sky" border="0" alt="the sky" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF1781_thumb1.jpg" width="540" height="410" /></a> </p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF17831.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="the corner" border="0" alt="the corner" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF1783_thumb1.jpg" width="540" height="410" /></a> </p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF17781.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="the house" border="0" alt="the house" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF1778_thumb1.jpg" width="540" height="410" /></a> </p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF17771.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="the plaque" border="0" alt="the plaque" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF1777_thumb1.jpg" width="540" height="312" /></a></p>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>observing infinities</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/observing-infinities/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/observing-infinities/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jul 2010 21:39:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[chaos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[infinities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[observing]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/observing-infinities/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160;]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#160;</p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/infinities.jpg"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="infinities" border="0" alt="infinities" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/infinities_thumb.jpg" width="563" height="788" /></a></p>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Puedo escribir los versos m&#225;s tristes esta noche&#8230;</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/puedo-escribir-los-versos-ms-tristes-esta-noche/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/puedo-escribir-los-versos-ms-tristes-esta-noche/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 27 Jun 2010 02:26:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poetry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cambridge]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[neruda]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[night]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/puedo-escribir-los-versos-ms-tristes-esta-noche/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Puedo escribir los versos más tristes esta noche. Escribir, por ejemplo: &#34;La noche está estrellada, y tiritan, azules, los astros, a lo lejos&#34;. El viento de la noche gira en el cielo y canta. &#160; (P.S. Quoting Neruda doesn’t mean you are in love… Being in love doesn’t mean you should quote Neruda) (P.P.S. The [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF14821.jpg"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="write the saddest lines" border="0" alt="write the saddest lines" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF1482_thumb1.jpg" width="599" height="294" /></a>
</p>
<p>Puedo escribir los versos más tristes esta noche.</p>
<p>Escribir, por ejemplo: &quot;La noche está estrellada,   <br />y tiritan, azules, los astros, a lo lejos&quot;.</p>
<p>El viento de la noche gira en el cielo y canta.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF14871.jpg"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="The night wind " border="0" alt="The night wind " src="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF14871_thumb.jpg" width="477" height="484" /></a> </p>
<p>(P.S. Quoting Neruda doesn’t mean you are in love… Being in love doesn’t mean you should quote Neruda)</p>
<p>(P.P.S. The images go with the lines. I just took the pictures)</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>of birds and boulders</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/of-birds-and-boulders/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/of-birds-and-boulders/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Jun 2010 22:32:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[carved]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lion's yard]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pigeon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stone]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/of-birds-and-boulders/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Checking xpollinate….]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF1287.jpg"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="stone at lion&#39;s yard" border="0" alt="stone at lion&#39;s yard" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/DSCF1287_thumb.jpg" width="580" height="772" /></a> </p>
<p>Checking xpollinate….</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Making a copy of WEKA Instances</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/making-a-copy-of-weka-instances/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/making-a-copy-of-weka-instances/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 12 Apr 2010 21:54:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OpenWare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[chaos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[attribute]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[classification]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dataset]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[instances]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[string]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[text]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[weka]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/making-a-copy-of-weka-instances/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This ‘thing’ took about 30 minutes to figure out. According to the WEKA documentation, if  you add a new Instance to an existing Instances object, String values are not transferred ! In case you are working on copying a dataset with a string attribute, you need to transfer the string manually. The code segment below [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/image11.png"><img style="display: inline; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; border-width: 0px;" title="image" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/image_thumb11.png" border="0" alt="image" width="128" height="149" align="right" /></a>This ‘thing’ took about 30 minutes to figure out. According to the <a href="http://weka.sourceforge.net/doc/weka/core/Instances.html#add(weka.core.Instance)">WEKA documentation</a>, if  you add a new Instance to an existing Instances object, <strong>String values are not transferred</strong> <strong>! </strong>In case you are working on copying a dataset with a string attribute, you need to transfer the string manually. The code segment below copies the i^th instance from source to dest where the first attribute (at index 0) is a string attribute.</p>
<div class="codecolorer-container text default" style="overflow:auto;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid #9F9F9F;width:435px;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:5px;text-align:center;color:#888888;background-color:#EEEEEE;border-right: 1px solid #9F9F9F;font: normal 12px/1.4em Monaco, Lucida Console, monospace;"><div>1<br />2<br />3<br /></div></td><td><div class="text codecolorer" style="padding:5px;font:normal 12px/1.4em Monaco, Lucida Console, monospace;white-space:nowrap">dest.add(source.instance(i));<br />
dest.instance(dest.numInstances()-1)<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; .setValue(0,source.instance(i).toString(0));</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>This should come in handy for text classification using WEKA (and hopefully save your time).</p>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Google and Urdu Stemming</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/google-and-urdu-stemming/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/google-and-urdu-stemming/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Mar 2010 02:30:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Urdu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stemming]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/google-and-urdu-stemming/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160; Is google (finally) stemming Urdu? The last time I checked, there were doing something like a transliteration based search but in the screenshot below, you can see that searching for the phrase ان پڑھ چٹا shows some stemming is being used. Does anyone know anything?&#160; Oh, and while I’m on this topic, I would [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#160;</p>
<p>Is google (finally) stemming Urdu? <a href="http://scalar.wordpress.com/2008/06/02/stemming-in-urdu-and-google/" target="_blank">The last time I checked</a>, there were doing something like a transliteration based search but in the screenshot below, you can see that <a href="http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=+%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE+%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7" target="_blank">searching for the phrase ان پڑھ چٹا</a> shows some stemming is being used. Does anyone know anything?&#160; Oh, and while I’m on this topic, I would also like to know why is it called چٹا ان پڑھ ?</p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/image10.png"><img title="image" style="border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline; border-left: 0px; border-bottom: 0px" height="770" alt="image" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/image_thumb10.png" width="514" border="0" /></a></p>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Google as a Question Answering System</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/google-as-a-question-answering-system/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/google-as-a-question-answering-system/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Feb 2010 04:34:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Web]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[chaos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MRR]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Question Answer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Summary]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/google-as-a-question-answering-system/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A Question Answering (QA) system is an Information Retrieval system which gives the answer to a question posed in natural language. For example, if you ask it Who wrote Hamlet?, it should answer Shakespeare. A few years ago (don’t ask me how many), search engines did not focus on language queries. Recently [sic], Google has [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_answering">Question Answering</a> (QA) system is an Information Retrieval system which gives the answer to a question posed in natural language. For example, if you ask it <i>Who wrote Hamlet?</i>, it should answer <i>Shakespeare</i>. A few years ago (don’t ask me how many), search engines did not focus on language queries. Recently [sic], Google has started incorporating some NLP (Natural Language Processing) in their results. You can try it out by typing the same question in the search box yourself ( <a href="http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Who+wrote+Hamlet">or clicking here</a> ). </p>
<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/image9.png"><img title="image" style="border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px" height="199" alt="image" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/image_thumb9.png" width="330" align="right" border="0" /></a> </p>
<p>During my <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/admissions/cstit/">M.Phil. course</a>, one of the tasks was to build a basic QA system and extend it however we liked. We used the <a href="http://trec.nist.gov/data/qa/t8_qadata.html">TREC 8 dataset</a> for evaluations. While building the system, I evaluated how current search engines (read Google) performed on this task. For this, I just queried the exact question and used the summaries of the top five results as answers. Evaluating at that time (2008), I got a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_reciprocal_rank">Mean Reciprocal Rank</a> (MRR) score of <b>0.212</b> over 198 questions. 156 questions had no answers found in top 5 responses.</p>
<p>This term, I am demonstrating for the same task. Demonstrators are usually PhD students who provide help and guidance to junior students. For pure geek fun and lack of better things to do while taking a break, I decided to quickly jolt down a JavaScript (read&#160; <a href="http://chaoticity.com/wp-admin/jquery.com">JQuery</a> ) based QA system. This time,&#160; the resulting MRR score over 198 questions was <b>0.384 </b>while only 79 questions had no answers found in top 5 responses.</p>
<p>The results show clearly that during the last two years, Google has significantly improved on answering NLP queries. In fact (IIRC), my baseline system back in 2008 (based on <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~aac10/papers/rmrsdraft.pdf" target="_blank">RMRS</a> based matching of sentences from the top 100 documents returned by an IR system) could only achieve an MRR score of approximately <b>0.290, </b>showing that the current results are much better than that baseline. I hope this decade sees some more developments/improvements in QA systems and I can ask a system <em>What do you get if you multiply</em> <em>six by nine?</em></p>
<blockquote><p>I&#8217;ve always said there was something fundamentally wrong with the universe. <strong>~Arthur Dent</strong></p>
</blockquote>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Visualizing Citation Networks</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/visualizing-citation-networks/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/visualizing-citation-networks/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2010 04:59:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[chaos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ACL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anthology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Citation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GraphViz]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Network]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Visualization]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/visualizing-citation-networks/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[For techies: I’ve been working on citation networks lately. You can visualize such a network as a graph. In this graph, the nodes represent publications (papers,articles etc) and the edges represent citations between them. The graph above was produced using the GraphViz. The data is from the ACL Anthology Network which contains publications from the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/aclnet.jpg"><img title="aclnet" style="border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline; border-left: 0px; border-bottom: 0px" height="500" alt="aclnet" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/aclnet_thumb.jpg" width="545" border="0" /></a> </p>
<p><strong>For techies: </strong>I’ve been working on citation networks lately. You can visualize such a network as a graph. In this graph, the nodes represent publications (papers,articles etc) and the edges represent citations between them. The graph above was produced using the <a href="http://www.graphviz.org/" target="_blank">GraphViz</a>. The data is from the <a href="http://clair.si.umich.edu/clair/anthology/" target="_blank">ACL Anthology Network</a> which contains publications from the publicly available <a href="http://aclweb.org/" target="_blank">ACL Anthology</a>. </p>
<p><strong>For non-techies: </strong>Oooooo! pretty picture!</p>
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		<item>
		<title>A Typical Day of Research (and why I hate Depth First Search )</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/a-typical-day-of-research-and-why-i-hate-depth-first-search/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/a-typical-day-of-research-and-why-i-hate-depth-first-search/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2010 03:11:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[chaos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[day]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DFS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Experiment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fail]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[typical]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/a-typical-day-of-research-and-why-i-hate-depth-first-search/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160;]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#160;</p>
<p> <a href="http://chaoticity.com/images/image7.png"><img title="image" style="border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline; border-left: 0px; border-bottom: 0px" height="340" alt="image" src="http://chaoticity.com/images/image_thumb7.png" width="580" border="0" /></a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Online English to Urdu Translator</title>
		<link>http://chaoticity.com/online-english-to-urdu-translator/</link>
		<comments>http://chaoticity.com/online-english-to-urdu-translator/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Jan 2010 19:39:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>awais</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OpenWare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Urdu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hindi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[translation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[transliteration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://chaoticity.com/online-english-to-urdu-translator/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[While all the online English to Urdu translators that I have seen don’t really work that well (read suck), if we make use the overlapping vocabulary and grammar of Hindi and Urdu along with using Google’s translation API, things come out pretty decent (as mentioned in my previous post). Here’s a small 15 min first [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>While all the online English to Urdu translators that I have seen don’t really work that well (read suck), if we make use the overlapping vocabulary and grammar of Hindi and Urdu along with using Google’s translation API, things come out pretty decent (<a href="http://chaoticity.com/how-do-you-transliterate-that/" target="_blank">as mentioned in my previous post</a>). Here’s a small 15 min first cut script which just uses English to Hindi translation and then transliterates from Hindi to Urdu. Feel free to use the code and do ping me if you improve something. This works as a Hindi to Urdu transliterator as well.</p>
<p><script src="http://www.google.com/jsapi" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">google.load("language", "1");var conv=[];
	conv['ऀ']='';//'ऀ';
	conv['ँ']='ن'; 
	conv['ं']='ن';
	conv['ः']='ہ';
	conv['ऄ']='';//'ऄ';
	conv['अ']='اَ';
	conv['आ']='آ';
	conv['इ']='اِ';
	conv['ई']='اِی';
	conv['उ']='اُ';
	conv['ऊ']='اُو';
	conv['ऋ']='';//'ऋ';
	conv['ऌ']='';//'ऌ';
	conv['ऍ']='ای';
	conv['ऎ']='ऎ';
	conv['ए']='';//'ِ';
	conv['ऐ']='ائے';
	conv['ऑ']='';//'ऑ';
	conv['ऒ']='ؤ';
	conv['ओ']='او';
	conv['औ']='اؤ';
	conv['क']='ک';
	conv['ख']='کھ';
	conv['ग']='گ';
	conv['घ']='گھ';
	conv['ङ']='ن';
	conv['च']='چ';
	conv['छ']='چھ';
	conv['ज']='ج';
	conv['झ']='جھ';
	conv['ञ']='ن';
	conv['ट']='ٹ';
	conv['ठ']='ٹھ';
	conv['ड']='ڈ';
	conv['ढ']='ڈھ';
	conv['ण']='ن';
	conv['त']='ت';
	conv['थ']='تھ';
	conv['द']='د';
	conv['ध']='دھ';
	conv['न']='ن';
	conv['ऩ']='';//'ऩ';
	conv['प']='پ';
	conv['फ']='پھ';
	conv['ब']='ب';
	conv['भ']='بھ';
	conv['म']='م';
	//conv['य']='ے';
	conv['य']='ی';
	conv['र']='ر';
	conv['ऱ']='ऱ';
	conv['ल']='ل';
	conv['ळ']='';//ळ';
	conv['ऴ']='';//'ऴ';
	conv['व']='و';
	conv['श']='ش';
	conv['ष']='ش';
	conv['स']='س';
	conv['ह']='ہ';
	conv['ऺ']='';//'ऺ';
	conv['ऻ']='';//'ऻ';
	conv['़']='';//'़';
	conv['ऽ']='';//'ऽ';
	conv['ा']='ا';
	conv['ि']='ِ';
	conv['ी']='ی';
	conv['ु']='ُ';
	conv['ू']='وُ';
	conv['ृ']='ر';
	conv['ॄ']='';//'ॄ';
	conv['ॅ']='ی';
	conv['ॆ']='ء';
	conv['ै']='ی';
	//conv['े']='ے';
	conv['े']='ی';
	conv['ॉ']=''//'ا';
	conv['ॊ']='';//'ॊ';
	conv['ो']='و';
	conv['ौ']='و';
	conv['्']='';
	conv['ॎ']='';//'ॎ';
	conv['ॏ']='';//'ॏ';
	conv['ॐ']='';//'ॐ';
	conv['॑']='॑';
	conv['॒']='॒';
	conv['॓']='॓';
	conv['॔']='॔';
	conv['ॕ']='';//'ॕ';
	conv['ॖ']='';//'ॖ';
	conv['ॗ']='';//'ॗ';
	conv['क़']='ق';
	conv['ख़']='خ';
	conv['ग़']='غ';
	conv['ज़']='ز';
	conv['ड़']='ڑ';
	conv['ढ़']='ڑھ';
	conv['फ़']='ف';
	conv['य़']='';//य़';
	conv['ॠ']='';//'ॠ';
	conv['ॡ']='';//'ॡ';
	conv['ॢ']='';//'ॢ';
	conv['ॣ']='';//'ॣ';
	conv['।']='۔';
	conv['॥']='';//'॥';
	conv['0']='۰';
	conv['1']='۱';
	conv['2']='۲';
	conv['3']='۳';
	conv['4']='۴';
	conv['5']='۵';
	conv['6']='۶';
	conv['7']='۷';
	conv['8']='۸';
	conv['9']='۹';
	conv['॰']='॰'
	conv['ॱ']='';//'ॱ';
	conv['ॲ']='';//'ॲ';
	conv['ॳ']='';//'ॳ';
	conv['ॴ']='';//'ॴ';
	conv['ॵ']='';//'ॵ';
	conv['ॶ']='';//'ॶ';
	conv['ॷ']='';//'ॷ';
	conv['ॸ']='';//'ॸ';
	conv['ॹ']='';//'ॹ';
	conv['ॺ']='';//'ॺ';
	conv['ॻ']='';//'ॻ';
	conv['ॼ']='';//'ॼ';
	conv['ॽ']='';//'ॽ';
	conv['ॾ']='';//'ॾ';
	conv['ॿ']='';//'ॿ';
	conv['?']='؟';
	conv['.']='۔';
	function xliterate() {
		src = document.getElementById('src').value;	
		google.language.translate(src, "en", "hi", function(result) {
				if (!result.error) {
					mid = result.translation;
					dest='';
					for(i=0; i<mid.length;i++) {
						dest=dest+ ((conv[mid[i]]!=undefined) ? conv[mid[i]] : mid[i]);
					}
					document.getElementById('dest').value=dest;
				} else {
					alert(result.error);
				}
			});			
	}
</script><br />
<textarea id="src" style="font-family: arial unicode;" cols="80" rows="5">How are you?</textarea><br />
<textarea id="dest" style="direction: rtl; font-family: arial unicode;"  cols="80" rows="5">آپ کیسی ہیں؟</textarea></p>
<input id="tx" onclick="xliterate(); return false;" type="button" value=" Translate "/>
<p>(Thanks to عزت مآب جناب آغا علی رضا قزلباش رحمتہ اللہ علیہ who graciously sent me his term report on Hindi to Urdu transliteration, from where I’ve copied (and modified) the character mapping.)</p>
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